1 Whittingham used titanium(II) sul-fide as the cathode and lithium metal as the anode. Whittingham at Binghamton University in the 1970s. Lithium-ion batteries were first proposed by M. Beyond consumer electronics, lithium-ion batteries are growing in popularity for military, electric vehicle and aerospace applications due to their high energy density.
They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable battery for portable electronics, with one of the best energy-to-weight ratios, high open circuit voltage, low self-discharge rate, no memory effect and a slow loss of charge when not in use. Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer electronics.
Unlike lithium primary batteries (which are disposable), lithium-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the electrode material instead of metallic lithium. Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across lithium-ion battery types. Wei, in Functional Nanofibers and their Applications, 2012 10.1 IntroductionĪ lithium-ion battery is a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. In this brief article, comparison between lithium and sodium based rechargeable batteries will be made, followed by detail discussion on various anode, cathode and electrolyte materials and their effect on performance of SIBs.
Therefore, success of SIBs will be governed by further research activity and investment in commercialization of the technology in order to close the technological gap between these two state of the art battery systems. Despite this neglection, research activity has recently witnessed reacceleration of research on sodium ion batteries after successful insertion of Na + ion in hard carbon where high storage capacity of around 300 mAh g −1 was achieved which is similar to that of LIBs using graphite as anode ( Stevens and Dahn, 2000).įrom earlier discussion, it can be appreciated that SIBs are not considered as direct competitor of LIBs especially in area of volumetric or gravimetric energy densities, but they will rather complement Li-ion battery systems in large-scale application due to their competitive pricing, ultimately resulting in the price stabilization of lithium-based batteries. Up until late 80 s, SIBs were successful in attaining similar research attention as LIBs however, the discovery of more cost-effective, high capacity and electrochemically active anode material based on graphite resulted in abandonment of SIBs altogether ( Yabuuchi et al., 2014). This is due to the larger ionic radius of 1.02 Å of Na + compared to ionic radius of 0.76 Å for Li + making Li-ion intercalation more effortlessly attainable. Advanced Energy Materials 8 (16), 1800079.ĭespite these advantageous characteristics, SIBs struggle to compete with LIBs due to their inferior storage capacity, sluggish reaction kinetics and poor rate capability especially when used in conjunction with graphitic carbon, which is the most frequently, used anode material. Sodium‐ion battery materials and electrochemical properties reviewed. Adapted from Chayambuka, K., Mulder, G., Danilov, D.L., Notten, P.H., 2018. The energy carrying elements for comparison are highlighted in red for Na and blue for Li. Abundance of elements in the Earth’s crust. This scenario requires immediate effort to find substitute material to replace lithium-ion battery systems based on more cost-effective and easily sourced materials.įig. Total reserves of lithium are estimated between 15–30 Mt (million tons) with uneven geographical distribution whereas, recycling rate of Li from spent LIBs is only around 1% which can be considered as more or less non-existent ( Vikström et al., 2013 Speirs et al., 2014). Despite their commercial success in numerous applications, LIBs have not been deployed in large-scale electrical energy storage (EES) applications due to elevated cost and limited supply of lithium resources over the coming years as shown in Fig. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered the pioneering technology that has been successfully adopted as a power source for wide range of applications including portable electronics and electric/hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs) after their commercialization by Sony Corporation in 1991 ( Perveen et al., 2020 Duan et al., 2020 Tian et al., 2020).